Method of Construction for High Cycle Fatigue Resistant Pressure Vessels in Hydrogen Service

ABSTRACT

A method and system are described for a gas booster, preferably for use with hydrogen. A linear actuator can provide compression in first and second compression vessels. The liner of the compression vessels can be placed in compressive stress so that any cracks that form do not spread. Compressive stress can be applied using, at least, a shrink fit process or a wire wrapping process. The compressive stress will help the inner liner to resist fatigue and cracking due to pressure cycling and corrosion by materials being compressed in the compression vessels. This also protects the chamber jacket from wear and tear.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure is directed to compressors, and more particularlyto powered gas boosters.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Gas boosters are commonly used to deliver pressurized gases forindustrial processes or various manufacturing uses. Some gas boostersfunction with pistons or linear actuators. A retracting piston cancreate a low-pressure space in a barrel into which gas is drawn. Alocking door may trap the gas in the barrel. Next the piston changesdirection and presses down on the trapped gas, increasing the pressureof the gas which can be released to another location. The perpetualpressurization and depressurization of components, especially thebarrel, in a gas booster can lead to fatigue issues. Fatigue is theweakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads.

In addition to fatigue, certain gas boosters that are used to compresshydrogen can suffer further problems from corrosion. Hydrogen can beparticularly detrimental to certain metals used in gas boosterconstruction. This is sometimes called the hydrogen embrittlement effector hydrogen attack. A gas booster used for hydrogen will suffer fatigueeffects that can be enhanced by the impact of hydrogen. The cycling ofhydrogen in and out of a gas booster can lead to cracks which will growdue to further hydrogen flow and pressure cycling.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One possible embodiment under the present disclosure comprises a gasbooster for compressing a gas. The gas booster can comprise acompression vessel. The compression vessel can comprise an inletconfigured to receive a portion of gas from a supply line and a linersurrounded by a jacket, wherein jacket and the liner have been joined bya shrink fit process. The booster can further comprise a linearactuator, the linear actuator operable to compress the portion of gas inthe compression vessel when moving in a first direction and operable todraw the portion of gas into the compression vessel when moving in asecond direction opposite the first direction.

Another possible embodiment under the present disclosure can comprise abarrel for use in a gas booster. The barrel can comprise an inletconfigured to receive a portion of gas from a supply line; a linersurrounded by a jacket, wherein jacket and the liner have been joined bya shrink fit process; and an outlet configured to direct gas out of thecompression vessel. The barrel can be configured to receive a linearactuator therein for the purpose of compressing the portion of gas.

Another possible embodiment under the present disclosure comprises amethod for manufacturing a gas booster. A chamber jacket can be providedthat comprises an inner diameter. Next a chamber liner can be providedthat comprises an outer diameter at least as large as the inner diameterof the chamber jacket. The chamber jacket can be heated such that theinner diameter becomes larger than the outer diameter of the chamberliner and the chamber liner can be placed within the chamber jacket. Thechamber jacket can then be allowed to cool such that the chamber jacketengages the chamber liner to create a barrel and such that compressivestresses are applied to the chamber liner. The barrel can then becoupled to a linear actuator.

The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technicaladvantages of the present invention in order that the detaileddescription of the invention that follows may be better understood.Additional features and advantages of the invention will be describedhereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. Itshould be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the conceptionand specific embodiment disclosed may be readily utilized as a basis formodifying or designing other structures for carrying out the samepurposes of the present invention. It should also be realized by thoseskilled in the art that such equivalent constructions do not depart fromthe spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appendedclaims. The novel features which are believed to be characteristic ofthe invention, both as to its organization and method of operation,together with further objects and advantages will be better understoodfrom the following description when considered in connection with theaccompanying figures. It is to be expressly understood, however, thateach of the figures is provided for the purpose of illustration anddescription only and is not intended as a definition of the limits ofthe present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, reference isnow made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIGS. 1A-1B are diagrams of possible gas booster embodiments under thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 2A-2B are diagrams of possible gas booster embodiments under thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 3A-3B are diagrams of possible gas booster embodiments under thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 4A-4B are diagrams of possible gas booster embodiments under thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart diagram of a possible method embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a flow chart diagram of a possible method embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of a possible gas booster embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 8 is a diagram of a possible gas booster embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 9 is a diagram of a possible gas booster embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 10 is a diagram of a possible gas booster embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a diagram of a possible gas booster embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 12A-12B are diagrams of a possible barrel embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 13A-13B are diagrams of a possible barrel embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIGS. 14A-14B are diagrams of a possible barrel embodiment under thepresent disclosure;

FIG. 15 is a flow chart diagram of a possible method embodiment underthe present disclosure;

FIG. 16 is a diagram of a possible barrel embodiment under the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 17 is a diagram of a possible booster embodiment under the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 18 is a flow chart diagram of a possible method embodiment underthe present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In compressor cylinders or other pressure vessels, the pressure cancycle between a low suction pressure and a high exhaust pressure. Thiscycling creates stresses, and eventually, cracks in a chamber jacket ora liner on the interior of the jacket. High pressure situations maynecessitate the use of thick chamber walls, which help to also alleviatethe stresses from cycling. Lower pressure use scenarios may not needthick walls, but pressure cycling can still be a threat to causestresses and cracks. In these cases, an alternative, lower cost method,of design and construction is needed. One method that has been appliedto obtain high cycle performance in high pressure vessels is toeliminate the possibility of fatigue crack propagation. This is achievedwhen the construction of the vessel is such that when the pressure loadis applied, the crack remains closed. If the crack doesn't open, then itcannot grow and the fatigue life is then longer.

Using a gas booster for pressurizing hydrogen can cause further problemsdue to hydrogen's detrimental effects. Currently, pressure vessels thatoperate in hydrogen service and subjected to fatigue must be designedusing a defect tolerant design procedure. This means that first thefracture mechanics properties of the material being considered must bemeasured in hydrogen at the maximum service pressure. The properties arecrack propagation properties and threshold stress intensity factor forhydrogen embrittlement. With these properties, a fatigue crackpropagation life can be estimated assuming an initial crack size andgeometry and growing this defect to failure. The property measurementsare costly and can only be performed at a few laboratories. Furthermore,the resulting lives are usually very short because of the assumedinitial crack size. These factors limit the application of this designmethod to lower cycle or static loading applications.

Solutions under the present disclosure to the problems described aboveinclude methods and systems for placing a booster liner in a compressionstate. Possible embodiments for creating such a compression stateinclude a shrink fit process for placing a jacket around a liner, andalso wire wrapping around a liner. Embodiments under the presentdisclosure can comprise methods of design and construction of pressurevessels for high cycle use in hydrogen service at pressures preferablybelow 40,000 psi. A preferred embodiment of the current disclosure canbe used in hydrogen service applications (though other use scenarios arecontemplated).

Certain embodiments under the present disclosure can use a shrink fitsystem or method to place a jacket around a liner in a gas booster.Generally, for lower pressure applications the vessel or compressor headradius ratio is thin or small, while for high pressure vessels, theradius ratios are large or thick. Thick walls allow for more methods ofconstruction to obtain the desired stress state to prevent crack growth.But for hydrogen-based systems, such thick walls are typically not usedand thin walls are used because of the lower pressures in hydrogen-basedsystems. For example, thick walls can be made with autofrettagetechniques. During autofrettage a vessel can be subjected to highpressures, such as by a compressive outer barrel, that cause internalportions of the vessel to yield plastically. Once the pressure isreleased there are internal compressive residual stresses. With thinwalls, the use of autofrettage will usually not be practical. One goalof the present disclosure is to provide a manufacturing technique forcreating thin-walled vessels with increased strength for use in gasboosters, especially hydrogen carrying gas boosters. Instead of, or inaddition to, autofrettage, embodiments under the present disclosure cancomprise the use of a shrink fit liner on the interior surface of apressure vessel. In certain embodiments under the present disclosure,shrink fit construction can be used to place an inside liner in acompression cylinder in sufficient compression such that when thepressure is applied during use, any crack present would be preventedfrom opening and thus prevented from growing.

Referring to FIG. 1A, an embodiment of a compressor (also called a gasbooster) can be seen. The embodiment of FIG. 1A is called a singleacting two-stage booster. Booster 100 comprises a first compressionstage (or barrel or vessel) 110, a first adapter plate 120, a linearactuator portion 130, a second adapter plate 140, and a secondcompression stage or vessel 150. Linear piston or actuator 135 movesback and forth linearly, alternating between drawing gas into and out ofthe first and second vessels 110, 150. For example, as actuator movesright gas can be drawn into the first vessel 110. A check valve 114 canclose inlet 112 to trap gas in first vessel 110. Actuator 135 will thenmove left and compress the gas in first vessel 110. During or after thecompression, outlet 116 can open, allowing gas to flow out of firstvessel 110 and into second vessel 150 via inlet 152 (via tubing notshown). A leftward moving actuator 135 can assist in pulling gas intosecond vessel 150. The gas, already compressed once, enters secondvessel 150 via inlet 152 and check valve 154 closes inlet 152. As theactuator 135 moves rightward again, the gas in second vessel 150 can becompressed and forced out through an outlet 156, and more gas will bepulled into first vessel 110 from a supply line. The gas leaving secondvessel 150 will have been compressed twice by the gas booster 100. Inpreferred embodiments, the diameter of second vessel 150 will be smallerthan that of first vessel 110. The process of compression described canoccur continually, with each stroke of the actuator compressing gas inone vessel and drawing gas into the other vessel.

Referring to FIG. 1B, an embodiment of a compressor (also called a gasbooster) can be seen. The embodiment of FIG. 1B is called a doubleacting one-stage configuration. Booster 100 preferably comprises twoidentical compression stages (or barrel or vessel) 110, 150, twoidentical adapter plates 120, 140, and a linear actuator portion 130.Linear piston or actuator 135 moves back and forth linearly, alternatingbetween drawing gas into and out of the both stages 110, 150. Forexample, as actuator moves right gas can be drawn into the stage 110. Acheck valve 114 can close inlet 112 to trap gas in left vessel 110.Actuator 135 will then move left and compress the gas in stage 110.During or after the compression, outlet 116 can open, allowing gas toflow out of stage 110. As the actuator 135 is moving left andcompressing gas in the stage 110, gas is being drawn into stage 150,which is then compressed when the actuator 135 moves right again. Adifference between FIG. 1B and FIG. 1A is that, as seen in FIG. 1B,compressed gas leaving stage 110 through outlet 116 leaves the boosterthrough an process gas outlet and is not directed to stage 150 or inlet152. A single process gas inlet and a single process gas outlet canserve both stages 110, 150. In preferred embodiments, the diameter ofboth stages 110, 150 will be of the same size. The process ofcompression described can occur continually, with each stroke of theactuator compressing gas in one vessel and drawing gas into the othervessel.

FIGS. 2A-3B show embodiments of gas boosters 100 like FIGS. 1A-1B. FIGS.2A and 3A show single acting two-stage embodiments. FIGS. 2B and 3B showdouble acting one-stage configurations. FIGS. 2A-3B show first vessel110, linear actuator portions 130, and second vessel 150. The exactlocation of gas inlets, check valves, linear actuator size and location,and other aspects may differ. Gas boosters that deal with hydrogen canbe susceptible to unique corrosion effects within chambers 115, 155shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. Certain embodiments under the presentdisclosure comprise liners placed within chambers 115, 155 that willprotect the chambers 115, 155 from corrosion. In this manner, chambers115, 155 can be constructed from normally available materials, such asstainless steel.

A preferred method of combining the liners and chambers according to theconcepts described herein involves a shrink fit process, wherein thechamber jacket is heated so that it expands and a liner is insertedtherein. Once combined (as the chamber jacket cools), the magnitude ofthe resultant stress at the pressure boundary of the liner is morecompressive than the magnitude of an applied pressure. The pressure onthe liner operates to prevent any crack, should one initiate (or bepre-existent), from opening further. The choice of materials and theshrink fit process should produce sufficient compression in the liner.The shrink fitting can expand the jacket and place it in a condition oftension. To ensure that the jacket has sufficient life, the jacketrequires a maximum threshold of linear axial indication and should beinspected and tested for integrity by means of non-destructive testingprior to assembly to ensure that there are no defects present. Thresholdvalues for various materials under various loading conditions are foundin construction codes such as ASME section VIII, Division 3, Rules forHigh Pressure Vessels.

FIGS. 4A and 4B show embodiments of gas boosters 400 comprising chamberjackets 415, 455 with liners 417, 457. FIG. 4A shows a single actingtwo-stage embodiment. FIG. 4B shows a double acting one-stageconfiguration. Booster 400 comprises a first compression stage (orvessel) 410 with inlet 412 and outlet 416 and a second compression stage450 with inlet 452 and outlet 456. Linear actuator portion 430 withactuator 435 sits between the stages 410, 450. Liners 417, 457 sitwithin chamber jackets 415, 455. Liners 417, 457 and jackets 415, 455are preferably combined using a shrink fit process (also known as a heatshrinking process). Other joining processes may be possible. Whateverprocess is used, it is preferred that the liner 417, 457 be preloadedwith compressive stress before use. Preferably, first compression stage410 has a larger diameter than second compression stage 450. But asshown in FIG. 4B, they can have the same dimensions.

The material comprising a liner 417, 457 will preferably be a materialresistant to corrosion or the detrimental effects of hydrogen. However,the material can vary. Some embodiments under the present disclosure maybe for systems without hydrogen and may therefore use a differentmaterial than in hydrogen-based systems. Stainless steel, such as15-5PH, is a preferred material for a chamber jacket. Stainless steel isuseful because of its cost, availability, and usability in variousconstruction techniques. Other embodiments can comprise other metals,alloys, or other appropriate materials.

FIG. 5 displays a possible method embodiment 500 for constructing aportion of a booster, such as first stage 410 or second stage 450 ofFIG. 4. At 510, a chamber jacket is provided. At 520, a chamber liner isprovided with an outer diameter larger than an inner diameter of thechamber jacket. At 530, the chamber jacket is heated to cause the innerdiameter to be larger than the outer diameter of the chamber liner. At540, the liner is inserted into the jacket to create a liner/jacketcombination. Then, at 550, the liner and jacket are allowed to cool.Cooling will cause the jacket to shrink and compress the liner. Thecompressive stress placed on the liner will help the liner to resisttensile stress and cracks due to pressure cycling during use, or due tocorrosive effects of gases or other materials within the system, such ashydrogen.

The method of FIG. 5 will likely be repeated once for each of the firstand second compression stages. However, some gas boosters may onlycomprise one compression stage, so the method will not need to berepeated for these embodiments. In addition, it may be preferable insome situations to create a single jacket/liner combination by method500, and then cut the combination into two pieces, one for the firststage and one for the second stage.

The method of FIG. 5 can be a part of creating a gas booster orcompressor. A method of creating a booster can begin with method 500 ofFIG. 5 and then proceed to method 600 of FIG. 6. At 610, first andsecond compression stages can be provided. A linear actuator can then beconnected between the first and second stages at 620, such that theactuator can provide compression to both stages. An inlet and an outletcan be provided for the first and second stages at 630. The gas boostercan then be integrated into a larger system.

Gas boosters like those described in the current disclosure have anumber of uses. Uses can include: hydrogen filling stations; charginghigh-pressure gas cylinders and receivers; gas assisted plasticinjection molding; hydraulic accumulator charging; charging air bagstorage vessels; missile and satellite launch and guidance systems;component testing; laser cutting and welding; oilfield high volume gastesting; biogas charging; and more. Embodiments under the currentdisclosure can be implemented in any of these use scenarios.

Gas boosters like those described in the present disclosure can becoupled with different types of drives, such as a hydraulic drive,pneumatic drive, electrical drive, or can be driven using otherappropriate technologies.

Sometimes gas boosters are mobile, such as the truck embodiment shown inFIG. 7. Gas boosters can be coupled to other machinery, such as thepower plant used to drive the booster's actuators or pistons. FIG. 8shows an example embodiment of a hydraulically driven gas booster 800.Booster 800 can comprise an actuator (or piston) portion 830 coupled tofirst 810 and second 850 compression stages. Hydraulic hardware 869 cansupply power to the booster 800 and gauges 870 may indicate pressures oralarm conditions within the system. FIG. 9 shows another example of ahydraulic gas booster 900. Actuator 930 is driven by hydraulic hardware970, helping to compress gas in first and second compression stages 910,950. Gauges 960 monitor the system.

Preferred embodiments of the current disclosure comprise dual-stage gasboosters. However, the teachings can be applied to single stageboosters. A possible single stage embodiment can be seen in FIG. 10.Booster 1000 comprises a single compression stage 1010 with a gas inlet1012 and outlet 1016 and a piston or actuator 1050. Compression stage1010 comprises an inner layer 1017 and a jacket 1015 such as describedin other embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 displays a further embodiment of a booster system 1100 under thepresent disclosure. Booster 11140 comprises first 1110 and second 1150compression stages. First inlet 1112 can receive a gas, such as hydrogenfrom a supply line 1113. First stage 1110, with a jacket 1115 and liner1117, can house the compression of the gas caused by an actuator fromactuator portion 1130. Gas can then travel through first outlet 1116 tosecond inlet 1152 of the second compression stage 1150. Aftercompression in the second stage 1150, the gas (now compressed twice) cantravel through outlet 1156 to another component or remote location.Power plant 1170 can comprise hydraulic power, electrical power,pneumatic power, or other types. Oil reservoir 1160 can store oil usedfor lubrication (or possibly cooling) in the system 1100. Multiplereservoirs may be used for different purposes: lubricating oil, coolant,or more.

Dimensions of chamber jackets and liners can vary as needed in a givenuse scenario. FIGS. 12A-14B show different embodiments of possiblejackets and liners with different dimensions.

FIGS. 12A-12B show the thinnest liner, both in absolute terms and as aratio to the thickness of the accompanying jacket. Liner 1215 has aninner diameter of 2.480 inches and an outer diameter of 2.741 inches.Jacket 1205 has an outer diameter of 4.724 inches and an inner diameterof 2.734 inches. A shrink fit process, such as described herein, caninsert liner 1215 into jacket 1205.

FIGS. 13A-13B show the next thinnest liner. Liner 1315 has an innerdiameter of 3.543 inches and an outer diameter of 3.906 inches. Jacket1305 has an outer diameter of 5.315 inches and an inner diameter of3.897 inches. A shrink fit process, such as described herein, can insertliner 1315 into jacket 1305.

FIGS. 14A-14B show the thickest liner. Liner 1415 has an inner diameterof 5.906 inches and an outer diameter of 6.510 inches. Jacket 1405 hasan outer diameter of 7.480 inches and an inner diameter of 6.499 inches.A shrink fit process, such as described herein, can insert liner 1415into jacket 1405.

How thick to make the liner, both in absolute measurements and incomparison to a jacket, can depend on a given embodiment. Factors toconsider can include the pressures that will occur during use; the typeof gas/material being compressed and its corrosive relationship to aliner or jacket; space constraints; desired length of a jacket andliner; and other factors.

Both jackets and liners under the present disclosure can comprise avariety of materials. Various types of steels and steel alloys arepreferred materials for both jackets and liners, though other materialsare possible. Preferred jacket embodiments can use SA 564, type 630 orXM-12. Preferred liner embodiments can use SA 705 type 630 or XM-12. Thejacket and liner will preferably comprise cylinder-shaped units. Othershapes are possible.

Operating conditions for compression stages or vessels under the presentdisclosure can vary. Typical operating pressures can be 4,500 PSIG,9,000 PSIG, and 15,000 PSIG. Design pressures may be 14,600 PSIG, 25,500PSIG, and 41,800 PSIG in such embodiments. Operating temperatures mayrange from −40 F to 400 F in such embodiments. Embodiments such as thesecan typically withstand nearly 80 million pressure cycles. Preloadingcan take the form of 410 ft-lb on eight 24×3 threaded tie rods.

FIG. 15 displays a possible method embodiment 1500 for the operation ofa gas booster under the present disclosure. At 1510, a portion of gas isdirected into a first compression vessel, the first compression vesselcomprising a first liner surrounded by a first jacket, wherein the firstjacket and the first liner have been joined by heating the first jacketso that the inner diameter of the first jacket becomes larger than anouter diameter of the first liner, placing the first jacket around thefirst liner, and allowing the first jacket to cool and apply compressivestresses to the first liner. At 1520, a first check valve is closed tolock the portion of gas in the first compression vessel. At 1530, theportion of gas is compressed by means of a linear actuator. At 1540, theportion of gas is directed through an outlet of the first compressionvessel. At 1550, the portion of gas is directed into a secondcompression vessel, the second compression vessel comprising a secondliner surrounded by a second jacket, wherein the second jacket and thesecond liner have been joined by heating the second jacket so that theinner diameter of the second jacket becomes larger than an outerdiameter of the second liner, placing the second jacket around thesecond liner, and allowing the second jacket to cool and applycompressive stresses to the second liner. At 1560, the second checkvalve is closed to lock the portion of gas in the second compressionvessel. At 1570, the portion of gas is compressed by means of the linearactuator. At 1580, the portion of gas is directed through an outlet ofthe second compression vessel.

In addition to embodiments using a shrink fit process, compressiveforces can be applied to a liner using a wire-wrapped embodiment. Anembodiment of a wire-wrapped compression stage can be seen in FIG. 16.Stage or vessel 1600 comprises a liner 1620 surrounded by a wire 1650.The liner 1620 and wire 1650 help define a cavity 1640 for the receptionand compression of gas as described in other embodiments hereunder. Thewire 1650, preferably a metal alloy, can be wound so tight thatcompressive forces are applied to the liner 1620. The resulting forcescan have a similar effect as described above using a shrink fit process.

FIG. 17 shows a possible embodiment of a gas booster comprisingwire-wrapped compression stages. Booster 1700 comprises a first stage1710 and second stage 1750. Inlet 1712 directs gas into first stage 1710and outlet 1716 directs compressed gas out of first stage 1710. Inlet1752 directs gas into second stage 1750 and outlet 1756 directscompressed gas out of second stage 1750. Adapter plates 1720, 1740couple the stages 1710, 1750 to the actuator portion 1730. Actuator 1735can move back and forth compressing gas and drawing gas into and out ofthe stages 1710, 1750. In each stage 1710, 1750 wire 1760 surroundsliners 1770. Booster 1700 is shown with differently sized stages 1710,1750, but each stage could have similar or identical dimensions.Embodiments using wire-wrapped stages, such as embodiment 1700, cancomprise single acting two-stage and double acting one-stageconfigurations, as well as other configurations, such as a single stagebooster.

FIG. 18 displays a possible method embodiment for constructing awire-wrapped compression stage and a gas booster. At 1810, a stage lineris provided. At 1820, the stage liner is wrapped with a wire to applycompressive stress to the stage liner. At 1830, a gas inlet and outletare provided into the interior of the stage liner. At 1840, the stageliner is coupled to a linear actuator configured to compress gas in theinterior of the stage liner. Steps 1810-1840 can be repeated for asecond liner to add another compression stage to a booster.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described indetail, it should be understood that various changes, substitutions andalterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, thescope of the present application is not intended to be limited to theparticular embodiments of the process, machine, manufacture, compositionof matter, means, methods and steps described in the specification. Asone of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate from thedisclosure of the present invention, processes, machines, manufacture,compositions of matter, means, methods, or steps, presently existing orlater to be developed that perform substantially the same function orachieve substantially the same result as the corresponding embodimentsdescribed herein may be utilized according to the present invention.Accordingly, the appended claims are intended to include within theirscope such processes, machines, manufacture, compositions of matter,means, methods, or steps.

What is claimed is:
 1. A gas booster for compressing a gas, comprising:a compression vessel comprising: an inlet configured to receive aportion of gas from a supply line; a liner surrounded by a jacket,wherein jacket and the liner have been joined by a shrink fit process;and a linear actuator, the linear actuator operable to compress theportion of gas in the compression vessel when moving in a firstdirection and operable to draw the portion of gas into the compressionvessel when moving in a second direction opposite the first direction.2. The gas booster of claim 1 further comprising a second compressionvessel, comprising: a second compression vessel comprising; a secondinlet configured to receive the portion of gas from the compressionvessel; and a second liner surrounded by a second jacket, wherein thesecond jacket and the second liner have been joined by a shrink fitprocess; wherein the linear actuator is operable to compress the portionof gas in the second compression vessel when moving in the seconddirection and to draw the portion of gas into the second compressionvessel when moving in the first direction.
 3. The gas booster of claim 1wherein the portion of gas comprises hydrogen.
 4. The gas booster ofclaim 1 wherein the linear actuator is hydraulically driven.
 5. The gasbooster of claim 1 wherein the linear actuator is pneumatically driven.6. The gas booster of claim 2 wherein the compression vessel has alarger diameter than the second compression vessel.
 7. The gas boosterof claim 1 wherein the jacket comprises a steel alloy.
 8. The gasbooster of claim 1 wherein the liner comprises a steel alloy.
 9. Abarrel for use in a gas booster, the barrel comprising: an inletconfigured to receive a portion of gas from a supply line; a linersurrounded by a jacket, wherein jacket and the liner have been joined bya shrink fit process; and an outlet configured to direct gas out of thecompression vessel; wherein the barrel is configured to receive a linearactuator therein for the purpose of compressing the portion of gas. 10.The barrel of claim 9 wherein the portion of gas comprises hydrogen. 11.The barrel of claim 9 wherein the linear actuator is hydraulicallydriven.
 12. The barrel of claim 9 wherein the linear actuator ispneumatically driven.
 13. The barrel of claim 9 wherein the linercomprises a cylindrical shape.
 14. The barrel of claim 9 wherein thejacket comprises a cylindrical shape.
 15. The barrel of claim 9 whereinthe liner comprises a steel alloy.
 16. The barrel of claim 9 furthercomprising a check valve configured to close the inlet once the portionof gas enters the barrel.
 17. A method for manufacturing a gas booster:provide a chamber jacket comprising an inner diameter; provide a chamberliner, the chamber liner comprising an outer diameter at least as largeas the inner diameter of the chamber jacket; heat the chamber jacketsuch that the inner diameter becomes larger than the outer diameter ofthe chamber liner; place the chamber liner within the chamber jacket;allow the chamber jacket to cool such that the chamber jacket engagesthe chamber liner to create a barrel and such that compressive stressesare applied to the chamber liner; and couple the barrel to a linearactuator.
 18. The method of claim 17 further comprising creating asecond barrel and coupling the second barrel to the linear actuator. 19.The method of claim 18 wherein the barrel and second barrel are coupledto opposite ends of the linear actuator.
 20. The method of claim 17further comprising coupling a gas outlet of the barrel to a gas inlet ofthe second barrel.